Planning and training for an adventure trip takes a certain level of commitment to ensure that you're physically and mentally prepared to deal with the expected and unexpected. Indeed, you want to be prepared for your training hikes (as given in your Fit for Trips training plan) as well so that the unexpected doesn't happen. The fundamentals of trail navigation are a necessary skill whether you're hiking with friends or alone.

This article covers why wilderness navigation skills are useful to have and includes a fundamental overview of navigation with map and compass. We'll also provide information on where to find a class to learn and practice the skills as well as sources for trail maps and compass recommendations. Dedicated GPS (Global Positioning System) and cell phone GPS are also addressed.

Your first thought may be: "I'm hiking trails I've hiked for years, so I don't need a map/compass/GPS.” Fair enough, but if you have to train for distance or steep mountain trails, there is a good chance you will be hiking in unfamiliar areas. Search and Rescue (SAR) operations are regularly sent out to find hikers that became lost on familiar trails. Something as simple as a downed tree that forces you off the trail can result in your inability to find the trail again and leave you a bit lost throughout a cold/wet/buggy night until a SAR unit finds you the next day. Please note the vast majority of SAR searches are for day hikers only a few miles from their car. Half the rescues are for experienced hikers in areas they know well (or so they thought). Stuff just happens sometimes. It's wise to keep track of where you are at all times.

In a similar vein, I hear hikers say: "There are signs; we don't need a map.” Some trails have signs that are maintained better than others (state parks); some trails have signs torn down regularly by disenchanted locals (Forest Service; Bureau of Land Management [BLM] ). Old signs may have illegible text on aged wood or have rotted and fallen over -- don't be totally dependent on signs. Well-maintained trails often have painted marks on trees and boulders (the famous Appalachian Trail white blaze), but storms can cause those well-maintained marks to disappear overnight. Trails cross and trails fork off -- stuff just happens, so navigate well and don't get lost.

Knowing how to navigate is important for your safety, the safety of fellow hikers, and SAR teams. By applying a bit of wilderness navigation skill to your hike, you can avoid getting lost. Your family and friends will be glad you made it back.

Learn the Skills

The best way to learn navigation skills with map/compass/GPS is to attend a class -- there is no substitute for hands-on training with a knowledgeable instructor. Such courses are offered by REI (Recreation Equipment Incorporated), NOLS (National Outdoor Leadership School), WMI (Wilderness Medicine Institute), SOLO (Stonehearth Outdoor Learning Opportunities), orienteering clubs, wilderness conservation groups, local college outdoor education classes, wilderness skills, and survival classes. If you don't find anything locally, check with the offices of the nearest National Forest, National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, state park, state Department of Natural Resources, or local Boy Scout troops.

A less ideal alternative but a good addition is to obtain a book or video on trail navigation (see list below). There are also some YouTube videos and online courses on wilderness map navigation.

Regardless of how you obtain wilderness navigation skills, it's the practice and actual use of those skills that count. The list of gear needed for your kit is small: an accurate trail map, a compass, and a pencil.

There is no substitute for a printed map and reliable compass (see list of map sources and basic compasses below). GPS is a wonderful additional tool and can make backtracking the route you hiked a snap (assuming you know how to use it). However, being solely dependent on GPS can also get you into trouble -- batteries die, a good satellite signal can't be obtained, a drop on a rock cracks the screen, or it was lacking waterproofness. Keep track of your route on the printed map even when you are using GPS (we'll address phone-based GPS shortly).

Trail maps should have what is expected: trail entrances, trails, side and crossing trails, roads (open or closed), water features (streams, wetlands, waterfalls), caves and mines, important structures such as bridges/hiker assist cables/gates/shelters/lookout towers, and developed camping spots. Some trail maps may have elevation contours such as USGS topo maps (United States Geological Survey), while some may not. Color shading on a map is sometimes used to indicate steeply sloped areas.

All geographic features on a trail map should be properly identified and labeled. The map should have a north arrow with magnetic deviation identified, a graphic scale (not just a numeric ratio), date of the last informational update, and the agency responsible for the map (preferably with contact information).

If the trail map you have doesn't have the proper information, you should augment it with the USGS topo map for the location. Digital topo map versions are easy to acquire (see links below) and print at home. The topo map may not show all the latest trails and features, or it may show old trails that are no longer there.

Cell Phone Based GPS

If you're hiking in an urban area, you'll most likely have cell phone communication and by extension, the phone's GPS maps. They are fun to play with but should not be depended upon. Cell phones regularly have drop-out zones in wooded areas and rough terrain, eliminating the availability of the phone's GPS. Limited battery life, lack of weather resistance, and the infamous cracked screen all combine to make a cell phone as a navigation tool less than reliable. However, the phone's camera can come in handy. There are ways to pre-download an area of a map for offline use, but that doesn't make the phone any more dependable.

Lastly, the one beneficial use of a cell phone in the wilderness is due to the location signal it sends to cell towers (if some are in range). Authorities can track those signals to your phone's location, but the phone has to be operating in standard phone mode. The proposition of its signal use will depend on how long the battery lasts when the phone is on. For a day hike this is usually not an issue, assuming you start your hike with a full charge and aren't running any apps. (Tips on closing apps for Apple phones and Android phones)

A few years ago, an experienced hiker was in the Smokies when an unpredicted snow storm moved in (rain below, snow at higher elevations). He slipped on an icy rock and fell down a steep mountain side into the thick woods and rhododendron. With an injured shoulder and out of site of the trail, he was unable to climb up the slippery slope to the trail where he knew hikers could eventually find him. That night his wife called authorities when she hadn’t heard from him and was worried because he hadn't returned. She told them he had a cell phone, but she couldn't reach him. With the fresh snow, all tracks were covered, so authorities asked the cell phone company to try a position triangulation. They got a very weak, intermittent signal, but it was enough to lead them near his location. As the SAR team hiked past, the hiker heard voices and blew his emergency whistle (see upcoming article on Hiking Essentials), which SAR could hear despite the raging winds. This goes to show your cell phone, while not good for navigation, can serve in some areas as a pseudo emergency location device. However, a proper emergency location device (like the Spot) uses direct satellite communication and is the way to go for regular solo hikers or anyone in the backcountry (skiers, climbers, etc.). Once activated, it will lead SAR teams directly to you. More on Emergency Location Beacons in another article.

Before Hiking

Local knowledge can go a long way towards a successful, enjoyable hike. It is wise to find out trail and road conditions as well as the weather forecast for your hiking location before you leave the driveway. You may also want to check on local hunting seasons where you plan to hike. Wherever you are hiking, know what organization manages that area and contact them for the latest trail conditions.

The Forest Service, National Park Service, BLM, state parks, and local Department of Natural Resources (great source for hunting season information) are happy to share the latest trail and road conditions. Some locations may have website updates while others may not. A phone call to the land management office for the area you intend to hike is usually the best source of up-to-date information. For instance, I recently hiked a trail in the Smokies which had a section closed due to bat mating season in the cave just below, so I had to turn around halfway through the hike. If I had checked trail closures beforehand I could have chosen a different hiking trail . Alternatively, the county sheriff's office will also usually know local road conditions.

Note that a number of higher elevation roads are closed during the winter or during winter storms. Roads may also be closed due to storm damage or logging operations.

Weather is also a factor in navigation. You don't want to be on a ridgeline during a lightning storm or high winds. You don't want to wade across a swollen, raging creek due to upstream rain storms or afternoon snow melt. Plan your hike accordingly. This is where acquiring some local knowledge can be quite useful.

Magnetic Deviation

All proper trail maps will have a North arrow. North is typically the top of the map (some local park maps may not have a North arrow and may be printed to accommodate the paper size, i.e. the top of the map may not be north). However, the north your compass arrow points to is Magnetic North, which is some distance from True North at the Arctic Pole (roughly 1000 miles). This anomaly is called magnetic deviation.

The geo-magnetic properties of the earth's surface vary quite a bit. A good trail map will show the deviation for that geographic location. A good compass will have an adjustment to allow for the difference between Magnetic and True North (digital compasses with GPS should self-adjust for the location). A proper map will note the magnetic deviation for that area.

For instance, where I am the deviation is 3.5 degrees east of True North. If I were 200 miles away, regardless of direction, the deviation will differ (though due south is less). I must adjust my compass to reflect the magnetic deviation for the area or find my compass pointing in a direction well off the proper heading. There is another variable called declination, which is in fact something different (not nearly as much effect as deviation).

All this may start to sound a bit complicated, which is why it is wise to attend a wilderness navigation class. At the very least, read a good book on navigation with map and compass (recommendations below).

Fundamental Navigation

When hiking a trail for the first time, it's good practice to note landmarks on your trail map for the return hike and future reference. Note the general direction you're heading on the compass AND the general direction of the return route (whether an out-and-back hike or circuit loop hike). This can be done by first adjusting your compass for the magnetic deviation indicated on the trail map. Next, put the compass on the map, let the arrow settle down to point north. Hold the rotating compass bezel ring with the north arrow lined up and rotate the base so the course heading line points along the general direction of travel. Make note of the general trail heading (such as 75 degrees east-northeast). If you're returning on the same trail, the heading would be 180 degrees opposite from 75, which is 255 degrees southwest. Practice this on a short local trail with which you are very familiar.

While hiking on a familiar local trail, mark your trail map with visual landmarks that stand out along the way -- boulder formations, exceptional trees, rock cairns, side trails, and the like. You never know when you'll need such references to navigate in fog, torrential rain, snow, or just when you're exhausted and not thinking clearly. I also put such landmarks on my GPS topo map as waypoints. I can print the map out with updated information the next time I hike that trail (friends love it when you give them an updated map, too).

Note obstacles on the map -- tricky creek/river crossings, washed away bridges, damaged trail sections, areas where trees have blown down, and the like. Areas where trees have blown down are infamous for causing hikers to get lost. They leave the trail to get around fallen trees but fail to find the trail they were on.

Leave a Hike Itinerary

Friends and family aren't being nosey when they ask where you are hiking; they just want you to return safely (reference Emergency Location Beacon above). The best way to put their minds at ease (and possibly yours, too) is to leave a hiking itinerary with a responsible friend or family member. Tell them where you plan to hike, what time you plan to be back in touch, and who to call if you're not back by midnight. Example: "Parking car at end of Jarrard Gap road near Suches, GA. Hiking trails on west side of Blood Mountain. Be back to car around 7:30. Will call or text before 9:00. If you don't hear from me by midnight, call the Union County Sheriff's Office, 706-555-5555." Also leave a description of the car you'll be in and the tag number.

At the very least, park your vehicle where a passing ranger can see it and leave a note on the dash such as "Hiking Savage Gulf, be back by dark. Thursday, March 4.” At the very least, a SAR team will know where to look if my car is still there a day or two later. Needless to say, don't leave any valuables in view inside your vehicle!

Navigate well, make good decisions, be safe and enjoy your hike! Navigation Books Be Expert With Map & Compass | $12-15 This book is a classic, now updated with GPS references. Widely used by navigation/orienteering instructors. Be Expert With Map & Compass at Amazon Wilderness Navigation: Finding Your Way Using Map, Compass, Altimeter & GPS | $13-19 Now a modern classic. Used as the official textbook for many navigation classes worldwide. Wilderness Navigation at Amazon Backpacker Magazine: Trailside Navigation: Map & Compass | $13 Gives the essentials of navigating with map, compass and GPS. Broken down into easy to follow steps. Backpacker - Trailside Navigation at REI Backpacker - Trailside Navigation at Amazon Navigation Classes As mentioned above, there are a lot of sources for classes. Listed here are a few of the ones available nationally. REI Learn Find courses by location near most REI stores. National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) Classes offered at their locations and through local colleges, outdoor groups, hiking clubs, etc.. Widely regarded as an outdoor education leader. WMS / True North Classes offered at their locations and through local colleges, outdoor groups, hiking clubs, and similar organizations. Online Classes How To Wilderness - Navigation All Trails - How To Basic Navigation Articles There are loads of articles on the web and YouTube. Here are a few you can trust. REI Learn - Navigation Basics Camping In The Forest - Navigation 101 Backpacker Skills - Navigation Compasses The listed compasses offer basic functionality with everything you need -- no bells and whistles (actually, one does have a whistle). These compasses have excellent reputations and are good quality at a reasonable price. You can spend more to get more features. You can spend less for a simple zipper-pull style compass that stays attached to your pack (but should be considered a backup compass, not a primary). All recommended compasses have a rotating bezel (ring) marked in degrees, and the non-moving baseplate is marked with 360 degrees. The magnetic arrow points to magnetic north. Note that a fluid-filled compass will allow the needle to settle to its position faster than a non-fluid compass. I consider adjustable declination a necessity -- the magnetic variable between where the compass needle points and True North. Each recommended compass has this feature, as well as a ruler. A compass with a ruler in inches/mm is helpful for measuring distances on a map. A 1:24,000 scale is handy for use with standard USGS topo maps. All baseplates will have an orientation bearing line down the middle to indicate the heading orientation (where the compass is pointing in relation to the north arrow). Silva Polaris | $18-22 Clear baseplate style compass. Ruler plus scale of 1:24,000 for use on standard topo map. This compass is an old standard that has been around for decades. In fact mine has lived in my pack for over 40 years. Silva Polaris Brunton TruArc 5 Compass | $17-25 Map grid line molded into baseplate, magnifier for reading map details, global needle for northern and southern hemisphere use, and a ruler. Brunton TruArc 5 Suunto MCB Amphibian | $28-32 It floats, siteing mirror, lanyard with whistle, ruler Suunto MCB Amphibian at REI Suunto MCB Amphibian at Amazon Trail Map Sources (for printing) USGS The topo (elevation contour) maps cover the entire country. Trail information is hit or miss and often out of date. Maps can be downloaded as PDF files for free. Printed versions are available. USGS Map Store National Park Service NPS Map Store National Forest - Forest Service (USDA) National Forest Maps Bureau of Land Management BLM Maps AllTrails.com Good trail coverage with tools to edit the map. Fee based. Capability to print only the area you need. All Trails National Geographic - Trails Illustrated printed maps National Parks and many popular wilderness areas covered. Also available via REI and Amazon. NatGeo Travel & Hiking Maps Trails.com Fee based service offering maps of just about every maintained, publicly accessible trail in the country. Great sources for many local trail maps as well as detailed guides. Print what you need or save as image file. Free trial period. Trails.com Backpacker.com Backpacker magazine has GPS enabled maps of popular trails both urban and rural. Use the Hike Finder tool at the bottom of the on their website. Backpacker Trips